Which statement best defines passive resistance?

• A. A subject's voluntary compliance with lawful commands
• B. A subject's verbal and/or physical refusal to comply with an officer's lawful direction causing the officer to use physical techniques to establish control
• C. A subject's attempt to flee the scene without resistance
• D. A failure to answer questions

Answer: (B)

Passive resistance is non-compliant behavior where the subject refuses to follow a lawful direction and does not actively attack or flee, yet their lack of cooperation prevents the officer from gaining control with simple commands. The key is that the refusal to comply prompts the officer to use physical techniques to establish control. This distinguishes it from mere voluntary compliance (no resistance), attempting to flee without resistance (not resisting), or simply failing to answer questions (not about complying with directions). The essence is non-violent refusal to cooperate that necessitates escalation to physically establish control.